Main references for the LION code

These concern the first published version of the LION code. Since then, several changes and additional capabilities have been added. See the 'Additional references' section below.

[1] L. Villard, K. Appert, R. Gruber, J. Vaclavik, Global waves in cold plasmas, Comput. Phys. Reports 4, 95 (1986)
https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7977(86)90027-4

[2] L. Villard, Propagation et absorption d'ondes aux frequences d'Alfven et cyclotroniques ioniques dans les plasmas toriques, These EPFL no 673 (1987)
http://dx.doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-673

Historical references

The main historical references that describe the 'ancestors' of the LION code are here.

Main references for the ERATO ideal MHD stability code, which is the 'father' of the LION code, e.g. it uses the same finite hybrid element representation as LION and the possibility to extract the fast poloidal phase, very useful for nearly field-aligned modes such as MHD ballooning modes and Alfven modes:

[3] R. Gruber, F.Troyon, D. Berger, L.C. Bernard, S. Rousset, R. Schreiber, W. Kerner, W. Schneider, K.V. Roberts, Erato stability code, Comput. Phys. Communications 21, 323 (1981)
https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(81)90013-8

[4] R. Gruber, S. Semenzato, F.Troyon, T. Tsunematsu, W. Kerner, P. Merkel, W. Schneider, HERA and other extensions of ERATO, Comput. Phys. Commun. 24, 363 (1981)
https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(81)90159-4

The following paper includes the precursor of the LION code, ideal MHD Alfven wave heating, based on the ERATO code. An antenna is included.

[5] K. Appert, B. Balet, R. Gruber, F. Troyon, T. Tsunematsu, J. Vaclavik, MHD computations for Alfvén wave heating in tokamaks, Nucl. Fusion 22, 903 (1982)
https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/22/7/004

Additional references for subseqent developments

In this section, references for additional capabilities of the LION code that have been introduced since the first published verision are given.

The follwing paper includes ion cyclotron damping at the fundamental:

[6] T. Hellsten, L. Villard, Power deposition for ion cyclotron heating in large tokamaks, Nucl. Fusion 28, 285 (1988)
https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/28/2/009

In the following paper, the link of LION with CHEASE was made. It also includes e- Landau damping of Alfven waves as an added term to the dielectric tensor:

[7] L. Villard, G.Y. Fu, Geometrical and profile effects on toroidicity and ellipticity induced Alfven eigenmodes, Nucl. Fusion 32, 1695 (1992)
https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/32/10/I01

The following paper includes a fast ion population having a slowing-down distribution. It computes, perturbatively, the various dampings (ion Landau, e-+TTMP) and drive terms on the wavefield, as a diagnostic (perturbative approach), based on the drift-kinetic equation. A scan in fast ion population density profile, as well as other bulk parameters can be made. See subroutine landau.

[8] L. Villard, S. Brunner, J. Vaclavik, Global marginal stability of TAEs in the presence of fast ions, Nucl. Fusion 35, 1173 (1995)
https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/35/10/I03

The following paper includes harmonic cyclotron heating and approximate e- Landau+TTMP of fast wave as a term in the dielectric tensor. It also describes the integration of LION with a Fokker-Planck code, resulting in the SELFO-light package.

[9] T. Hellsten, A. Hannan, T. Johnson, L.-G. Eriksson, L.J. Hook, L. Villard, A model for self-consistent simulation of ICRH suitable for integrating modelling, Nucl. Fusion 53, 093004 (2013)
https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/9/093004

Todo:: Paper describing the non-perturbative e- Landau+TTMP damping inclusion in the variational form